What Is the Difference Between an Art Song and an Aria

Song music composition, usually written for one voice with piano accessory

Bar 5 of Schubert's art song entitled Nacht und Träume. The vocal part, including the melody notes and the text, is in the top stave. The two staves below are the piano part.

An fine art song is a Western vocal music composition, commonly written for one vocalisation with piano accompaniment, and usually in the classical art music tradition. Past extension, the term "fine art song" is used to refer to the collective genre of such songs (e.g., the "art song repertoire").^[one] An art song is nearly often a musical setting of an independent poem or text,^[one] "intended for the concert repertory"^[2] "every bit part of a recital or other relatively formal social occasion".^[iii] While many pieces of vocal music are easily recognized equally art songs, others are more hard to categorize. For case, a wordless vocalise written by a classical composer is sometimes considered an fine art song^[1] and sometimes not.^[4]

Other factors help ascertain art songs:

Songs that are part of a staged piece of work (such as an aria from an opera or a vocal from a musical) are not usually considered art songs.^[v] However, some Bizarre arias that "appear with great frequency in recital functioning"^[five] are now included in the fine art song repertoire.
Songs with instruments besides piano (eastward.g., cello and pianoforte) and/or other singers are referred to as "vocal chamber music", and are usually non considered art songs.^[6]
Songs originally written for voice and orchestra are called "orchestral songs" and are not ordinarily considered art songs, unless their original version was for solo voice and piano.^[7]
Folk songs and traditional songs are generally not considered art songs, unless they are art music-manner concert arrangements with piano accompaniment written by a specific composer^[8] Several examples of these songs include Aaron Copland's two volumes of Old American Songs, the Folksong arrangements by Benjamin Britten,^[9] and the Siete canciones populares españolas (7 Castilian Folksongs) by Manuel de Falla.
There is no understanding regarding sacred songs. Many song settings of biblical or sacred texts were equanimous for the concert stage and not for religious services; these are widely known as art songs (for example, the Vier ernste Gesänge past Johannes Brahms). Other sacred songs may or may non exist considered art songs.^[10]
A group of fine art songs equanimous to be performed in a group to form a narrative or dramatic whole is called a vocal bike.

Languages and nationalities [edit]

Art songs have been composed in many languages, and are known past several names. The German tradition of fine art song composition is perhaps the most prominent ane; it is known as Lieder. In French republic, the term mélodie distinguishes art songs from other French vocal pieces referred to every bit chansons. The Spanish canción and the Italian canzone refer to songs more often than not and not specifically to art songs.

Form [edit]

The composer's musical linguistic communication and interpretation of the text frequently dictate the formal design of an art song. If all of the poem'south verses are sung to the same music, the song is strophic. Arrangements of folk songs are often strophic,^[ane] and "at that place are exceptional cases in which the musical repetition provides dramatic irony for the changing text, or where an almost hypnotic monotony is desired."^[1] Several of the songs in Schubert's Dice schöne Müllerin are adept examples of this. If the vocal melody remains the same but the accessory changes nether it for each verse, the piece is called a "modified strophic" song. In contrast, songs in which "each section of the text receives fresh music"^[one] are called through-composed. Nearly through-composed works take some repetition of musical fabric in them. Many art songs use some version of the ABA course (also known as "song form" or "ternary course"), with a offset musical section, a contrasting middle section, and a render to the first department'south music. In some cases, in the return to the first section'due south music, the composer may make small changes.

Functioning and performers [edit]

Performance of art songs in recital requires special skills for both the singer and pianist. The degree of intimacy "seldom equaled in other kinds of music"^[1] requires that the two performers "communicate to the audience the near subtle and evanescent emotions as expressed in the verse form and music".^[1] The two performers must concord on all aspects of the functioning to create a unified partnership, making art song performance one of the "most sensitive type(southward) of collaboration".^[1] Also, the pianist must be able to closely match the mood and character expressed by the vocaliser. Even though classical vocalists generally embark on successful performing careers as soloists by seeking out opera engagements, a number of today'due south most prominent singers take built their careers primarily by singing art songs, including Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, Thomas Quasthoff, Ian Bostridge, Matthias Goerne, Wolfgang Holzmair, Susan Graham and Elly Ameling. Pianists, too, have specialized in playing art songs with great singers. Gerald Moore, Geoffrey Parsons, Graham Johnson, Dalton Baldwin, Hartmut Höll and Martin Katz are 6 such pianists who have specialized in accompanying art song performances. The pianoforte parts in fine art songs can be so complex that the piano function is non really a subordinate accompaniment part; the pianist in challenging art songs is more than of an equal partner with the solo singer. As such, some pianists who specialize in performing art song recitals with singers refer to themselves equally "collaborative pianists", rather than as accompanists.

Composers [edit]

British [edit]

John Dowland
Thomas Campion
William Byrd
Thomas Morley
Henry Purcell
Hubert Parry
Frederick Delius
Ralph Vaughan Williams
Roger Quilter
John Ireland
Ivor Gurney
Peter Warlock
Michael Head
Madeleine Dring
Gerald Finzi
Jonathan Pigeon
Benjamin Britten
Morfydd Llwyn Owen
Michael Tippett
Ian Venables
Judith Weir
George Butterworth
Francis George Scott
Rebecca Clarke

American [edit]

Austrian and German [edit]

Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach
Joseph Haydn
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Ludwig van Beethoven
Franz Schubert
Felix Mendelssohn
Fanny Mendelssohn
Robert Schumann
Clara Schumann
Carl Loewe
Johannes Brahms
Hugo Wolf
Gustav Mahler
Richard Strauss
Alexander von Zemlinsky
Arnold Schoenberg
Anton Webern
Alban Berg
Erich Wolfgang Korngold
Viktor Ullmann
Hanns Eisler
Kurt Weill
Paul Hindemith
Wilhelm Killmayer
Josephine Lang
Emilie Mayer

French [edit]

Hector Berlioz
Charles Gounod
Pauline Viardot
César Franck
Camille Saint-Saëns
Georges Bizet
Emmanuel Chabrier
Henri Duparc
Jules Massenet
Gabriel Fauré
Claude Debussy
Erik Satie
Maurice Ravel
Lili Boulanger
Nadia Boulanger
Albert Roussel
Reynaldo Hahn
Darius Milhaud
Francis Poulenc
Olivier Messiaen
Henri Dutilleux
Cécile Chaminade

Romanaian [edit]

George Enescu
Dinu Lipatti
Pascal Bentoiu
Irina Hasnaș

Spanish [edit]

Latin American [edit]

Italian [edit]

Claudio Monteverdi
Barbara Strozzi
Gioachino Rossini
Gaetano Donizetti
Vincenzo Bellini
Francesca Caccini
Giuseppe Verdi
Amilcare Ponchielli
Paolo Tosti
Ottorino Respighi
Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco
Luciano Berio
Lorenzo Ferrero

Eastern European [edit]

Franz Liszt – Hungary (nearly all his art vocal settings are of texts in non-Hungarian European languages, such as French and German)
Antonín Dvořák – Bohemia
Leoš Janáček – Bohemia (Czechoslovakia)
Béla Bartók – Hungary
Zoltán Kodály – Hungary
Frédéric Chopin – Poland
Stanisław Moniuszko – Poland

Nordic [edit]

Edvard Grieg – Kingdom of norway (set German as well as Norse and Danish poetry)
Jean Sibelius – Finland (set both Finnish and Swedish)
Yrjö Kilpinen – Finland
Wilhelm Stenhammar – Sweden
Hugo Alfvén – Sweden
Carl Nielsen – Denmark

Russian [edit]

Mikhail Glinka
Alexander Borodin
César Cui
Nikolai Medtner
Modest Mussorgsky
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
Alexander Glazunov
Sergei Rachmaninoff
Sergei Prokofiev
Igor Stravinsky
Dmitri Shostakovich

Ukrainian [edit]

Vasyl Barvinsky^[eleven]
Stanyslav Lyudkevych^[11]
Mykola Lysenko
Nestor Nyzhankivsky
Ostap Nyzhankivsky
Denys Sichynsky^[11]
Myroslav Skoryk
Ihor Sonevytsky
Yakiv Stepovy
Kyrylo Stetsenko

Asian [edit]

Nicanor Abelardo – Philippines
Ananda Sukarlan – Indonesia

Afrikaans [edit]

Jellmar Ponticha
Stephanus Le Roux Marais

Arabic [edit]

Iyad Kanaan – Lebanese republic

Footnotes [edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Meister, An Introduction to the Fine art Vocal, pp. 11–17.
^ Art Song, Grove Online
^ Randel, Harvard Dictionary of Music, p. 61
^ Kimball, Introduction, p. thirteen
^ ^a ^b Kimball, p. 14
^ Meister calls it "a diversity of fine art song" (p. 13); Kimball does not include these works in her written report of art songs.(p. xiv)
^ Meister, p. fourteen, and Kimball, p. xiv
^ Meister refers to them as a "hybrid medium", p. xiv
^ Benjamin Britten, Consummate Folksong Arrangements (61 Songs), edited by Richard Walters, Boosey & Hawkes #M051933747, ISBN 1423421566
^ Neither Meister nor Kimball mention sacred songs generally, but both discuss the Brahms songs and selected other works in their books on fine art vocal.
^ ^a ^b ^c Composers – Ukrainian Art Vocal Project Archived 2015-04-16 at the Wayback Car

References [edit]

Draayer, Suzanne (2009), Art Song Composers of Spain: An Encyclopedia, Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Printing, ISBN 978-0-8108-6362-0
Draayer, Suzanne (2003), A Singer's Guide to the Songs of Joaquín Rodrigo, Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, ISBN 978-0-8108-4827-6
Kimball, Carol (2005), Vocal: A Guide to Art Song Mode and Literature, revised edition, Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Hal Leonard, ISBN978-1-4234-1280-9
Meister, Barbara (1980), An Introduction to the Art Vocal, New York, New York: Taplinger, ISBN0-8008-8032-3
Randel, Don Michael (2003), The Harvard Dictionary of Music, Harvard University Press, p. 61, ISBN0-674-01163-five , retrieved 2012-10-22
Villamil, Victoria Etnier (1993), A Singer's Guide to the American Fine art Song (2004 paperback ed.), Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Printing, ISBN0-8108-5217-9

Farther reading [edit]

Emmons, Shirlee, and Stanley Sonntag (1979), The Art of the Song Recital (paperback ed.), New York: Schirmer Books, ISBN0-02-870530-0
Hall, James Husst (1953), The Fine art Song, Norman, Oklahoma: Academy of Oklahoma Press
Ivey, Donald (1970), Song: Beefcake, Imagery, and Styles, New York: The Free Printing, ISBN0-8108-5217-nine
Soumagnac, Myriam (1997). "La Mélodie italienne au début du XXe siècle", in Festschrift volume, Échoes de French republic et d'Ialie: liber amicorum Yves Gérard (jointly ed. by Marie-Claire Mussat, Jean Mongrédien & Jean-Michel Nectoux). Buchet-Chastel. p. 381–386.
Walter, Wolfgang (2005), Lied-Bibliographie (Song Bibliography): Reference to Literature on the Art Song, Frankfurt am Master: Peter Lang, ISBN08204-7319-seven
Whitton, Kenneth (1984), Lieder: An Introduction to High german Song , London: Julia MacRae, ISBN0-531-09759-v

External links [edit]

Hampsong Foundation
Joy In Singing
The LiederNet Archive - texts to over 165,000 vocal works with over 35,000 translations
Fine art Vocal Fundamental
The Fine art Song Project
The African American Fine art Song Alliance
Art Vocal Composers of Espana
Canadian Fine art Vocal Project
Latin American Art Song Alliance
Ukrainian Fine art Vocal Project
Ukrainian art songs. Sound files.
Hispasong.com Castilian vocal music, in English.
Art Song Colorado
Canciones de España—Songs of Nineteenth-Century Spain [i]
lottelehmannleague.org/singing-sins-annal (archived Hawaii Public Radio broadcasts about arts songs)

harvardwastoponcen99.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_song